Professional Guide to PayDay Loans

If the issuer does not default, which is, measured by historical standards, extremely unlikely for an A-rated company, an investor earns an incremental coupon income of 100 bp over a 1-year horizon. Conditional on the fact that the bond receives a downgrade to Baa during the course of the year, a price depreciation of 50 bp times the duration of the bond at the end of the year, that is approximately 3.5, would have to be expected. Since Baa-rated US corporate bonds on average traded at 150 bp over treasuries, 50 bp represents the spread widening that has to be expected as a consequence of the downgrade. Consequently the investor expects a negative excess return of 100 – 3.5x 50= -75 bp, if the rating is downgraded from A to Baa. Table 9.4 details the same computation for the other potential rating changes.

Air France, in common with other established carriers in Europe and North America, found its traditional markets threatened by the downturn in the airline industry and the increase in low-cost carriers. To remain competitive, the company paid special attention to four techniques:

Reacting rapidly. All Air France’s main decisions following the crisis of September 11th 2001 were taken on September 18th. They were later adjusted and developed, but the new strategy was formed and implemented quickly.

Acting collectively. The board meets to react quickly, considering how best to respond to events and how to co-ordinate their response.

Constantly looking at all competitors. This keeps the business lean and focused on what matters. In France, there has been an established lower-cost competitor to Air France since 1981: the TGV high-speed train. This has meant that many of the disciplines needed for competing with low-cost operators have been developed over many years.

Using all available resources. Competing has meant employing all the assets and advantages that a big industrial carrier has in order to counter low-cost operators, including its brand, market position and operational strengths. Often a competitor’s strategy is to build market share with temporary low prices and then to raise them. An active and patient approach can help to reduce or remove the threat of competitors.

A strategy may be well conceived and executed, and it may even succeed in achieving its aims, but it may still be vulnerable to a competitor’s actions. To be robust, decisions need to take account of potential competitive threats, and so it is useful to consider worst-case scenarios to make decisions.

Consider the example of a small sandwich bar with a regular, local clientele. Suddenly, a film crew comes to town and, because of its exclusive patronage, business booms. Is this good for the sandwich bar? In the short-term, definitely. In the longer term, possibly not. Regular customers may go elsewhere, tired of waiting longer than usual to be served, and when the film crew leaves, the sandwich bar will be in a weaker position than it was before they came, if its original customers have discovered better or cheaper competitors. One solution may be to deliver orders (or at least the film crew’s), and have more pre-prepared sandwiches to minimise delays. A more desperate and less satisfactory measure might be (after the film crew has left town) to reduce prices or increase marketing with the extra cash made during the boom. In any event, market awareness is vital to competitiveness.

Developing and maintaining a keen awareness of the market will help a firm identify its sources of competitive advantage and disadvantage, and then to build on strengths and minimise its weaknesses. There are many ways to do this and tangible and intangible resources that can be used in the process.

Cash reserves can be used to finance sustained marketing campaigns, innovative development programmes or price
reductions.

Purchasing power and the ability to secure reliable supply at low costs develop competitiveness. Costs, quality, prices and delivery can be improved by building close working relations with preferred suppliers.

People are invariably the decisive factor in achieving success: an organisation can only be as good as the people who work for it. If there is typically a high staff turnover in the industry, the business should be geared to recruiting the best employees. If flexibility and speed of response are valuable (and they usually are), the organisation should be able to anticipate major decisions, making the right choices and implementing them.

Effective leadership is essential; its absence is a source of competitive disadvantage. Product factors inevitably have a significant impact on competitiveness. They include pricing and discounts, distribution channels, marketing methods, brand reputation and appeal, product quality and how the product relates to others (for example, the popularity of film merchandise rests largely on the success of the film).

Market awareness – understanding who the customers are and what they want (and do not want or need) – is also decisive in determining competitiveness. Few markets are clearly defined, and although a business may be open to any potential customer, it is important to know exactly who the core customers are so that their interests can be given priority.

The following checklist provides a framework to ensure decisions help build a firm’s competitive strength.

Develop market awareness Developing a keen sense of market awareness requires keeping up-todate with what your competitors are doing, how they are perceived in the market, and why. Decisions should take the following into account according to the importance attached to each:

• pricing policies and product offers;
• brand reputation and recognition;
• customers’ perceptions;
• product quality;
• service levels;
• product portfolio;
• organisational factors such as size, economies of scale, type of employees, training, expenditure on product development and distribution channels;
• organisational culture;
• staff loyalty;
• promotional campaigns, timing, nature and channels used;
• customer loyalty;
• financial structure and performance and cash reserves.

Suppliers wield significant power if the item they provide is scarce or unique, or if there are only a few suppliers. They have considerable power to damage a competitive position. One response is to build close relations with important suppliers to secure delivery and control prices.

In the long term, the solution may be to move into the supplier’s industry to safeguard supplies.

The power of the customer is another source of competition. The issues that need consideration are how dependent the business is on individual customers, the ease with which customers can move to another supplier, the customer’s knowledge of the business’s competitors and the conditions (price, quality, overall offer) that are prevailing. The growth of the internet as a sales channel has empowered customers. In an increasingly networked, global marketplace, prices become transparent and it is much easier to discover when prices for the same thing are different in separate geographic markets. Price transparency became even more of a strategic issue for businesses in euro zone countries when they adopted a single currency.